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Secondary activities NCERT Chapter Notes CBSE Class 12 Humanitas

CBSE Class 12 NCERT Chapter Notes for Secondary activities Humanitas
16 April 2025 by
Akash Kumar

Secondary activities NCERT Chapter Notes CBSE Class 12 Humanitas

CBSE Class 12  NCERT Chapter Notes for Secondary activities


Secondary activities involve the processing of raw materials into finished goods, including manufacturing, construction, and production industries. These activities add value to primary resources and play a crucial role in economic development by generating employment, supporting infrastructure, and driving industrial growth in various sectors.

Factors affecting the location of industries in the world are: 

  1. Access to market. 
  2. Access to raw material. 
  3. Access to labour supply. 
  4. Access to sources of energy. 
  5. Access to transportation and communication facilities. 
  6. Government policy

Major characteristics of modern large scale manufacturing 

  1. Large scale manufacturing involves a large market. 
  2. These industries use a large variety of raw materials in huge quantity. 
  3. It involves specialised workers and division of labour. 
  4. It requires enormous supply of power. 
  5. It involves advanced technology, automation and assembly line mass production. 
  6. These industries require vast capital.
  7. Technological innovations through high level of research and development (R&D) is involved.

Industrial classification on the basis of raw material. 

  1. Agro-based industries: These industries process the raw material from the agricultural field into finished products to be consumed in the market. Major agro based industries are food processing, sugar, fruit juices, etc. 
  2. Mineral based industries: These industries use minerals such as iron, copper, cement as raw material.
  3. Chemical based industries: These industries use natural chemical minerals such as Petroleum, salts, sulphur, etc.
  4. Forest based industries: These industries use material provided by the forest such as, timber for furniture industry, wood, grass, bamboo for paper industry, etc. 
  5. Animal based industries: Raw material in these industries is obtained from animals. For example, wool for woollen textiles, ivory from elephant tusks and leather from animal hide  

Industrial classification on the basis of size

1. Household or Cottage Industries

  • These are the smallest manufacturing units, often run by artisans and craftsmen within their homes.
  • They use local raw materials and simple hand tools rather than machines.
  • The production is usually on a small scale, with family members or part-time labor assisting.
  • Goods produced are mainly for self-consumption, local markets, or barter.
  • Examples include weaving, pottery, handicrafts, wood carving, and leatherwork.
  • These industries require minimal capital investment and do not rely heavily on modern technology.

2. Small-Scale Industries (SSI)

  • Small-scale industries are more advanced than household industries but still operate on a relatively small scale.
  • They employ semi-skilled labor and use simple power-driven machines.
  • The production is done in small workshops rather than homes.
  • These industries help generate employment and improve the local economy.
  • Many developing countries encourage SSIs to boost employment and industrial growth.
  • Examples include textile production, food processing, furniture making, toy manufacturing, and small-scale metal industries.
  • These industries require moderate capital investment and serve local and regional markets.

3. Large-Scale Industries

  • These industries involve high levels of production with large amounts of capital investment.
  • They require specialized skilled labor and use advanced technology.
  • Large-scale industries typically operate in large factories or industrial complexes with an assembly-line system.
  • They require access to raw materials, energy, and transportation facilities.
  • Products from these industries are mass-produced and sold in national and global markets.
  • Examples include automobile manufacturing, iron and steel industries, petrochemicals, electronics, and heavy machinery production.
  • These industries are highly mechanized and contribute significantly to a country's economic development.

Industrial classification on the basis of output.


Basic Industries (Heavy or Capital Goods Industries)

  • These industries produce raw materials, machinery, or components that are further used by other industries.
  • Their products serve as inputs for manufacturing other goods rather than being directly consumed by people.
  • They require large investments, heavy machinery, and skilled labor.
  • Examples:
    • Iron and steel industry (provides raw material for machinery, construction, and vehicles).
    • Cement industry (used in construction and infrastructure).
    • Chemical industry (produces raw materials for pharmaceuticals, plastics, and fertilizers).
    • Petrochemical industry (produces raw materials for synthetic fibers, rubber, and plastics).

Consumer Goods Industries

  • These industries produce finished products that are directly used by consumers.
  • The goods are meant for immediate consumption and do not require further processing.
  • They can be durable or non-durable:
    • Durable Goods: Long-lasting items like automobiles, electronics, and furniture.
    • Non-Durable Goods: Short-term products like food items, clothing, and personal care products.
  • Examples:
    • Food processing industry (produces packaged food, beverages, and dairy products).
    • Textile and garment industry (produces clothing and fabrics).
    • Electronics industry (manufactures mobile phones, TVs, and household appliances).
    • Cosmetics and toiletries industry (produces soaps, shampoos, and perfumes).

Industrial classification on the basis of ownership


Public Sector Industries

  • These industries are owned, managed, and controlled by the government (central, state, or local).
  • They are established to provide essential goods and services and support economic development rather than just for profit.
  • These industries often require large-scale investment and are crucial for national infrastructure.
  • Examples:
    • Indian Railways (transportation)
    • BHEL (Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited) (engineering and manufacturing)
    • SAIL (Steel Authority of India Limited) (steel production)
    • ONGC (Oil and Natural Gas Corporation) (energy sector)

Private Sector Industries

  • Owned and operated by individuals or private companies with the aim of earning profit.
  • These industries function on market demand, competition, and investment from private entities.
  • Private sector industries are more flexible and efficient compared to public sector industries.
  • Examples:
    • Reliance Industries (petrochemicals, telecommunications)
    • Tata Motors (automobile manufacturing)
    • Infosys, Wipro, TCS (IT sector)
    • Aditya Birla Group (textiles, cement, metals)

Joint Sector Industries

  • These industries are owned and operated jointly by the government and private sector.
  • The aim is to combine government resources and private expertise to boost industrial development.
  • The government and private entities share investments and management responsibilities.
  • Examples:
    • Maruti Suzuki (initially a joint venture between the Government of India and Suzuki of Japan)
    • Oil India Ltd. (owned partly by the government and private investors)

High-Tech Industry

High-tech (high-technology) industries involve the use of advanced scientific knowledge, cutting-edge research, and modern technology to develop and manufacture highly sophisticated products. These industries focus on innovation, automation, and precision engineering to improve efficiency and create groundbreaking solutions.

Characteristics of High-Tech Industries

  1. Research & Development (R&D) – Heavy investment in innovation and continuous improvement of products.
  2. Highly Skilled Workforce – Requires engineers, scientists, and specialists in advanced fields.
  3. Automation & Robotics – Extensive use of AI, machine learning, and robotic systems for manufacturing.
  4. Global Market Demand – Products are exported worldwide due to their advanced nature.
  5. Capital-Intensive – Requires substantial funding for infrastructure, technology, and research.
  6. Eco-Friendly Approach – Focus on sustainable and energy-efficient production methods.

Examples of High-Tech Industries

  • Information Technology (IT) – Software, cloud computing, cybersecurity (e.g., Microsoft, Google, Apple).
  • Biotechnology & Pharmaceuticals – Genetic engineering, drug development (e.g., Pfizer, Biocon).
  • Aerospace & Defense – Aircraft, space exploration (e.g., SpaceX, Boeing, ISRO).
  • Electronics & Semiconductors – Smartphones, microchips (e.g., Intel, Samsung, TSMC).
  • Telecommunication – 5G networks, satellite communications (e.g., Huawei, Ericsson).
  • Renewable Energy – Solar panels, wind turbines (e.g., Tesla, Siemens).

Major High-Tech Hubs

  • Silicon Valley, USA – IT, AI, and semiconductor innovation.
  • Shenzhen, China – Electronics and hardware production.
  • Bangalore, India – IT and biotechnology development.
  • Tokyo, Japan – Robotics, automotive technology, and AI research.

High-tech industries are revolutionizing the global economy, fostering innovation, and shaping the future of manufacturing and digital transformation.

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